from a Stanford University press release. . . . . <http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.html>

Stanford Report, August 1, 2013

Climate change on pace to occur 10 times faster than any change recorded in past 65 million years, Stanford scientists say

Not only is the planet undergoing one of the largest climate changes in the past 65 million years, Stanford climate scientists Noah Diffenbaugh and Chris Field report that it’s on pace to occur at a rate 10 times faster than any change in that period. Without intervention, this extreme pace could lead to a 5-6 degree Celsius spike in annual temperatures by the end of the century.

BY BJORN CAREY

Courtesy of Stanford UniversityThe top map shows global temperatures in the late 21st century, based on current warming trends. The bottom map illustrates the velocity of climate change, or how far species in any given area will need to migrate by the end of the 21st century to experience climate similar to present. (Click image to enlarge)

The planet is undergoing one of the largest changes in climate since the dinosaurs went extinct. But what might be even more troubling for humans, plants and animals is the speed of the change. Stanford climate scientists warn that the likely rate of change over the next century will be at least 10 times quicker than any climate shift in the past 65 million years.

If the trend continues at its current rapid pace, it will place significant stress on terrestrial ecosystems around the world, and many species will need to make behavioral, evolutionary or geographic adaptations to survive.

Although some of the changes the planet will experience in the next few decades are already “baked into the system,” how different the climate looks at the end of the 21st century will depend largely on how humans respond.

The findings come from a review of climate research by Noah Diffenbaugh, an associate professor of environmental Earth system science, and Chris Field, a professor of biology and of environmental Earth system science and the director of the Department of Global Ecology at the Carnegie Institution. The work is part of a special report on climate change in the current issue ofScience.

Diffenbaugh and Field, both senior fellows at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, conducted the targeted but broad review of scientific literature on aspects of climate change that can affect ecosystems, and investigated how recent observations and projections for the next century compare to past events in Earth’s history.

For instance, the planet experienced a 5 degree Celsius hike in temperature 20,000 years ago, as Earth emerged from the last ice age. This is a change comparable to the high-end of the projections for warming over the 20th and 21st centuries.

The geologic record shows that, 20,000 years ago, as the ice sheet that covered much of North America receded northward, plants and animals recolonized areas that had been under ice. As the climate continued to warm, those plants and animals moved northward, to cooler climes.

“We know from past changes that ecosystems have responded to a few degrees of global temperature change over thousands of years,” said Diffenbaugh. “But the unprecedented trajectory that we’re on now is forcing that change to occur over decades. That’s orders of magnitude faster, and we’re already seeing that some species are challenged by that rate of change.”

Some of the strongest evidence for how the global climate system responds to high levels of carbon dioxide comes from paleoclimate studies. Fifty-five million years ago, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was elevated to a level comparable to today. The Arctic Ocean did not have ice in the summer, and nearby land was warm enough to support alligators and palm trees.

“There are two key differences for ecosystems in the coming decades compared with the geologic past,” Diffenbaugh said. “One is the rapid pace of modern climate change. The other is that today there are multiple human stressors that were not present 55 million years ago, such as urbanization and air and water pollution.”

Record-setting heat

Diffenbaugh and Field also reviewed results from two-dozen climate models to describe possible climate outcomes from present day to the end of the century. In general, extreme weather events, such as heat waves and heavy rainfall, are expected to become more severe and more frequent.

For example, the researchers note that, with continued emissions of greenhouse gases at the high end of the scenarios, annual temperatures over North America, Europe and East Asia will increase 2-4 degrees C by 2046-2065. With that amount of warming, the hottest summer of the last 20 years is expected to occur every other year, or even more frequently.

By the end of the century, should the current emissions of greenhouse gases remain unchecked, temperatures over the northern hemisphere will tip 5-6 degrees C warmer than today’s averages. In this case, the hottest summer of the last 20 years becomes the new annual norm.

“It’s not easy to intuit the exact impact from annual temperatures warming by 6 C,” Diffenbaugh said. “But this would present a novel climate for most land areas. Given the impacts those kinds of seasons currently have on terrestrial forests, agriculture and human health, we’ll likely see substantial stress from severely hot conditions.”

The scientists also projected the velocity of climate change, defined as the distance per year that species of plants and animals would need to migrate to live in annual temperatures similar to current conditions. Around the world, including much of the United States, species face needing to move toward the poles or higher in the mountains by at least one kilometer per year. Many parts of the world face much larger changes.

The human element

Some climate changes will be unavoidable, because humans have already emitted greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the atmosphere and oceans have already been heated.

“There is already some inertia in place,” Diffenbaugh said. “If every new power plant or factory in the world produced zero emissions, we’d still see impact from the existing infrastructure, and from gases already released.”

The more dramatic changes that could occur by the end of the century, however, are not written in stone. There are many human variables at play that could slow the pace and magnitude of change – or accelerate it.

Consider the 2.5 billion people who lack access to modern energy resources. This energy poverty means they lack fundamental benefits for illumination, cooking and transportation, and they’re more susceptible to extreme weather disasters. Increased energy access will improve their quality of life – and in some cases their chances of survival – but will increase global energy consumption and possibly hasten warming.

Diffenbaugh said that the range of climate projections offered in the report can inform decision-makers about the risks that different levels of climate change pose for ecosystems.

“There’s no question that a climate in which every summer is hotter than the hottest of the last 20 years poses real risks for ecosystems across the globe,” Diffenbaugh said. “However, there are opportunities to decrease those risks, while also ensuring access to the benefits of energy consumption.”

In response to a recent tweet from the CaribJournal that we relayed to some of our e-mail groups, we got the following tongue-in-cheek response to the linked press release extolling the completion of four units of the Zemi Beach (Anguilla) luxury residential project:

Anguilla’s @zemibeach Project Completes First Four Homes caribjournal.com/2013/07/29/ang… #anguilla

[In case you were wondering, this is a Zemi

 

The four units were completed last year.  The present announcement is non-news.

As I understand it, they sit there unsold because selling $3 million condos isn’t going so well on an island where Chief Minister Hubert Hughes loudly announces that war has been declared on the evil British and complete political independence is the only solution to what he calls oppression, slavery and genocide.

In November, the construction site was raided by the Immigration Task Force.  Many Spanish-speaking workers were taken away and all construction stopped for months. Both the developer and government have failed to respond to questions, except to predict various conflicting completion dates for the project.

The number of proposed units per acre rivals, in my opinion, slum dwellings.  Our Chief Minister defines a good project as one which has the most units per acre.

Our beloved leader’s memorable comments rival those of the developer:

<http://www.zemibeach.com/page/responsibilities>

“Developed with sustainability in mind. The backers of Zemi Beach are committed to following best practices in respect to the land and the people of Anguilla:

“The construction remains environmentally conscious, minimizing resources and avoiding heavy emissions and excess waste.”

Zemi Beach has stripped every leaf, every blade of grass, from their 6+ acres of land next to the Fountain National Park. As the land slopes down to the beach, this seems likely to create a river of mud the next time there’s a sustained, heavy rain, which will disperse out toward the reefs. Siltation kills reefs. Dead reefs don’t support fish.

What is Planning doing? What is the Dept. of Environment doing? What is Tourism doing?

Everything is concealed in secrecy.

***** ends *****

Here’s an example — this from the north coast of Tortola in 2010 —  of the kind of “river of mud” the frightened Anguillian refers to. . . .

This article from the CARE-2 web site seems to describe a progression from dirty water to dead manatees . . . the description near the bottom of the article of the brown algae bloom on the Mosquito Lagoon in Florida seems very similar to increasingly opaque waters that I see outside on the banks of streams feeding the Chesapeake Bay, and which was documented with a photo by the Midshore Riverkeeper Conservancy on Facebook just today:

from: http://www.care2.com/causes/manatees-are-dying-with-suspicious-seaweed-in-their-mouths.html

Manatees Are Dying With Suspicious Seaweed in Their Mouths

• by Kristina Chew
• July 17, 2013
• 4:00 am

Manatees have been categorized as endangered since 1973. Thanks to restrictions on motorboats in areas where they live and programs to rescue, treat and release them, their numbers have surged back, from 1,000 about 30 years ago to about 5,000 today. A couple of years ago, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service officials even talked about changing the manatee’s status from endangered to threatened.

Budget constraints and other projects took precedence and such efforts were tabled. As it turns out, this has been for the better: in the past few years, manatees have been dying in alarming numbers. In 2010, 282 succumbed to unusually cold temperatures. Starting this past September, toxins from red tide — the recurring algae bloom that was worse than usual in southwest Florida, covering 130,000 acres — took the lives of 272 manatees.

In addition, restrictions on motorboats do not mean that manatees are entirely safe. About 80 to 100 die every year after being hit by boats.

About 100 Manatees Have Died Every Month of This Year

With 2013 about half over, around 600 manatees have died so far. In contrast, only 392 manatee deaths were recorded in 2012.

A federal researcher has pinpointed a toxic algae bloom in the Indian River lagoon as connected to the deaths of some 151 manatees, as well as to those of 51 dolphins and 300 pelicans. The algae blooms kill the seagrass which is a mainstay of the manatees’ diet. The manatees then end up eating seaweed, which proves deadly as toxins are affixed to it.

Indeed, some dead manatees have been found with food still in their mouths and digestive tracts. Researchers have discovered that they have been eating macroalgae, a kind of seaweed. While it is not usually toxic for manatees, scientists suspect something in the sediment in the lagoon, or even from the algae itself, could be rendering it lethal for them.

The dolphins and pelicans seem to be starving to death: as Megan Stolen, a biologist with Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, says, 85 percent of the bodies of dolphins that she and her team have found are “skin and bones.” Scientists are speculating that their fish stocks could be depleted, or that they have been sickened by parasites, toxins or disease.

In another twist to the mysterious deaths of the manatees and dolphins, some other animals that eat sea grass such as sea turtles have not been affected. Neither have bull sharks, which scavenge dolphin carcasses.

How Did Florida’s Lagoons Become Toxic Algae Pools?

The Indian River Lagoon was designated as an “estuary of national significance” by the EPA in 1990. It runs 156 miles along the eastern coast of Florida and, while only six feet deep, some 3,500 species of wildlife and plants make it their home. As Wired.com notes, the barrier island complex brings in more than $3.7 billion annually from citrus farming, fisheries, recreation, and employment.

Scientists are still trying to figure out how the toxins got into the Indian River Lagoon. Authorities are undertaking a multi-year, $3.7 million protection initiative in an effort to halt the lagoon’s slide from unique ecosystem to an algae-ridden site.

The culprit seems to be a too-familiar one, developments that, over decades, have turned the lagoon into “the drainage pool for leaking septic tanks, polluted streams, and storm water rich with nutrients from fertilizers.” As there are no tides “to push the water around and flush it out,” pollutants and sediments have accumulated in its waters.

Meanwhile, yet another waterway in Florida, Mosquito Lagoon, is covered in a brown algae bloom. As environmentalists and Florida newspapers point out, such algae blooms are yet another sign that Florida has so far failed to enact tougher environmental regulations to protect its waterways. Algae blooms are estimated to result in economic losses of around $230 to $470 million. Nonetheless, Florida governor Rick Scott vetoed a $2 million grant for the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute to study Mosquito Lagoon and find out why its water are now the color of a paper bag.

It goes without saying that it is sadly fortuitous that the Fish and Wildlife Service never got around to reclassifying manatees as threatened rather than extinct. If officials do not act fast to restore, protect and preserve Florida’s lagoons and stop the current and long-term damage to its marine ecosystems, the manatees’ comeback over the past three decades could be over.

Read more: http://www.care2.com/causes/manatees-are-dying-with-suspicious-seaweed-in-their-mouths.html#ixzz2ZJY5oNLk

[Was surprised to note that NY City and Anne Arundel County have the same length of shoreline (~525 miles). This might be a useful article to circulate to policy makers and managers. <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/nyregion/debate-over-cost-and-practicality-of-protecting-part-of-queens-coast.html> . Also encourage folks to review the comments on this article as a preview of debates in Annapolis in the not-so-distant future. ]

Where Streets Flood With the Tide, a Debate Over City Aid

Robert Stolarik for The New York Times
Raising Broad Channel: In this section of Queens, which is built on a marsh jutting into Jamaica Bay, many residents say that despite the repeated flooding, they love their neighborhood and want to stay.

By KIA GREGORY

Published: July 9, 2013 73 Comments

As the sun began to set one recent Sunday, saltwater poured off Jamaica Bay onto West 12th Road, one of the lowest-lying areas in New York City.

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Robert Stolarik for The New York Times

Tidal flooding occurs about twice a month in the neighborhood, one of the lowest-lying areas in New York City.

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The New York Times

Enlarge This Image

Robert Stolarik for The New York Times

Tidal flooding occurs about twice a month in Broad Channel, Queens, one of the lowest-lying areas in New York City.

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Residents bolted out of their front doors to move their cars, which are often damaged by tidal flooding that occurs here about twice a month. Some older residents were all but imprisoned in their homes until as much as three feet of water receded. Children splashed around, oblivious to the looming threat.

“We do not care about budgets; we are taxpaying people,” said John Heaphy, 69, a lifelong resident of the area, Broad Channel, Queens, which is built on a marsh that juts into the bay. “From the lowest politician to the governor’s office, we’ve been begging, please help us.”

Now, the city is doing just that, budgeting $22 million to try to save the neighborhood by installing bulkheads and by raising streets and sidewalks by three feet.

The Broad Channel project offers a preview of the infrastructure outlays that Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg is envisioning as part of a new $20 billion plan to protect the city’s 520 miles of coast over the next decade from rising sea levels.

But the project also raises fundamental questions about whether, in an era of extreme weather, the government should come to the aid of neighborhoods that are trying to fend off inevitably rising waters.

Broad Channel’s vulnerability was exposed in October during Hurricane Sandy, which toppled homes into the bay, some of which still lie in ruins along the beach. Yet the situation here is far worse than in some other neighborhoods damaged in the hurricane because Broad Channel suffers flooding from the tides and heavy rain, not just from storm surges.

Eric A. Goldstein, a senior lawyer at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental advocacy group, said he was sympathetic to Broad Channel and understood why residents have been lobbying hard for aid.

“The problem is, they have picked a spectacularly beautiful but increasingly impractical and dangerous place to live,” Mr. Goldstein said.

“If sea levels rise and storm-level projections are accurate, this community may be surviving on borrowed time,” he said. He added that the city faced hard questions, one being: “How much sense does it make to keep reinvesting taxpayer dollars in a community that is directly in harm’s way?”

Mr. Goldstein said the city should also consider allocating money to those who wanted to relocate.

Other experts pointed out that these projects were not only costly but also difficult to carry out, and based on techniques that might not always work well over time. They must overcome a phalanx of obstacles before being approved, from reviews by government agencies to a lack of consensus among residents.

The one in Broad Channel has already been held up because officials have not yet been able to obtain consent from some residents, which is required because they technically own the sidewalks.

The Bloomberg administration also has expressed concern about the difficulties of protecting this part of the Queens coast.

When Mayor Bloomberg unveiled his $20 billion plan, he vowed that the city would not abandon the waterfront. But the plan notes that major flood protection along Jamaica Bay would be “extremely expensive, and disruptive, and in some cases nearly impossible.”

As a result, the city wants to ask the United States Army Corps of Engineers to develop a storm-surge barrier across the Rockaway Inlet to protect neighborhoods from Sheepshead Bay to Howard Beach, as well as Broad Channel.

As far as the street-raising, Caswell F. Holloway IV, the deputy mayor for operations, acknowledged that such projects were also challenging.

“It is literally a block-by-block issue, especially older neighborhoods, where the neighborhood grew up much faster than the infrastructure to support it,” Mr. Holloway said. “You’re basically going back, in some cases over the course of many years, to do modern drainage. It’s highly disruptive, it’s expensive, because it’s being laid out after the fact.”

Asked whether the Broad Channel project would only forestall the inevitable, he said, “We focused on a solution that was affordable and would alleviate the flooding situation for a while.”

Residents describe Broad Channel as an oasis with glorious water views. About 3,000 people live here, including many police officers and firefighters.

It is a place where residents cling to tide clocks and, some joke, every child gets wading boots for Christmas. Neighbors will honk a car horn in the middle of the night to warn others of an approaching tide, and some have made pencil markings on their homes to show water levels from storms past.

Proposals to safeguard Broad Channel have been debated for years, but gained momentum only after a major storm in 2010.

To address the flooding, Pete Mahon, 65, a retired prison warden, urged fellow residents to pack community meetings where officials were present.

“It was a river running outside,” Mr. Mahon said, referring to 2010.

The project will begin with workers installing bulkheads at 11th, 12th and 13th Roads. Then they will dig up 12th Road, putting in water mains, drains and sewers. The roads will be raised three feet, and paved into a so-called shared-streets design, meaning cars, bicyclists and pedestrians will share the roadway.

All three should be completed in three years, officials said. Then, they estimate, another six streets will be done.

Officials said the street-elevation plan would eliminate 85 percent of tidal flooding on blocks like 12th Road. They said they hoped to get the project started before Mayor Bloomberg leaves office at the end of the year.

Eight months after Hurricane Sandy, life has slowly returned to normal in Broad Channel. Most mom-and-pop stores have reopened. With insurance money in hand, residents are repairing the damage.

But at the heart of the destruction, on West 12th Road, only about half of the families have returned.

“I think you get used to it over time,” said Dashima Cortez, 40, referring to the tidal flooding. “But Sandy made everyone nervous. Some people don’t ever want to come back.”

As the water flowed in that Sunday, her husband, Scott Valentine, sweaty from hanging drywall in a home damaged by Hurricane Sandy, ran to move his car. In five years of living in Broad Channel, they have lost several brakes and a muffler system to flooding.

They moved back in April.

“This is why you stay,” Ms. Cortez said, pointing to the view off their deck.

Later, Mr. Valentine said: “I would love to never have to move, but it’s not going to get any better.”

Nearby, Frank O’Toole, 35, said he had concerns about the $22 million project. What will happen to his garage on a raised street? And what about the oil tanks that people keep in their crawl spaces? But in any case, he said, he supported the plan.

“They say they have it all worked out,” he said.

Mr. O’Toole said he had no plans to leave Broad Channel, though some of his friends called him crazy for it.

“At this point, we’re just desperate to get it done,” he said of the project, standing in water that reached to his shins.

from Science Daily: <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130708143150.htm>

[As an aside, it seems to me that the low levels of oxygen (e.g.,”below about 4 milligrams per liter“) being measured in the main stem and feeder streams of the South River should cause some re-thinking of the statement that hypoxia is a condition of the “ deep waters of the Bay’s middle reaches,” as highlighted below. ]

‘Dead Zone’ Impacts Chesapeake Bay Fishes

July 8, 2013 — A 10-year study of Chesapeake Bay fishes by researchers at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science provides the first quantitative evidence on a bay-wide scale that low-oxygen “dead zones” are impacting the distribution and abundance of “demersal” fishes — those that live and feed near the Bay bottom.

The affected species — which include Atlantic croaker, white perch, spot, striped bass, and summer flounder — are a key part of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem and support important commercial and recreational fisheries.
The study, published in a recent issue of Marine Ecology Progress Series, was authored by Andre Buchheister, a Ph.D. student in William & Mary’s School of Marine Science at VIMS, along with VIMS colleagues Chris Bonzek, Jim Gartland, and Dr. Rob Latour.
All four authors are involved in VIMS’ Chesapeake Bay Multi-Species Monitoring and Assessment Program (ChesMMAP), an ongoing effort to track and understand interactions between and among fishes and other marine life within the Bay ecosystem.
Buchheister says “This is the first study to document that chronically low levels of dissolved oxygen in Chesapeake Bay can reduce the number and catch rates of demersal fish species on a large scale.” He notes that other studies have looked at the effects of low oxygen on fishes within the water column and on demersal fishes within individual Bay tributaries.
Low-oxygen conditions — what scientists call “hypoxia” — form when excessive loads of nitrogen from fertilizers, sewage, and other sources feed algal blooms in coastal waters. When these algae die and sink, they provide a rich food source for bacteria, which in the act of decomposition take up dissolved oxygen from nearby waters.
In Chesapeake Bay, low-oxygen conditions are most pronounced in mid-summer, and in the deep waters of the Bay’s middle reaches. “This appears to displace fish biomass toward the northern and southern edges of the bay’s mainstem channel,” says Buchheister.
“The drastic decline we saw in species richness, species diversity, and catch rate under low-oxygen conditions is consistent with work from other systems,” he adds. “It suggests that demersal fishes begin to avoid an area when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below about 4 milligrams per liter, as they start to suffer physiological stress.”
The fishes’ response at this value is interesting, says Buchheister, “because it occurs at levels greater than the 2 milligrams per liter that scientists formally use to define hypoxia.” Normal coastal waters contain from 7-8 milligrams of oxygen per liter.
Previous research suggests that oxygen-poor waters can stress fish directly, through increased respiration and elevated metabolism, and also by affecting their prey.
“Low levels of dissolved oxygen stress or kill the bottom-dwelling invertebrates that demersal fishes rely on for food,” says Buchheister. “Prolonged exposure of these invertebrates to hypoxic conditions in the mid-Bay represents a substantial reduction in the habitat available for foraging by demersal fishes baywide, and could reduce the quality of foraging habitat even after bottom waters become re-oxygenated.”
The authors caution, however, that the limits on fish abundance and distribution brought on by low-oxygen conditions are to some degree balanced by the positive effects that nutrients have on production of mid-water and surface-dwelling fishes elsewhere in the Bay. The nutrient-rich waters that encourage dead-zone formation also fuel algal growth, thus turbocharging the base of a food web that ultimately supports fish and other predators.
ChesMMAP
The team’s findings are based on an exhaustive study of the distribution and abundance of late juvenile and adult fishes caught and released in trawl nets during 48 sampling trips between 2002 and 2011, the largest quantitative assessment of the bay-wide demersal fish community ever conducted. The sampling took place at 3,640 ChesMMAP stations throughout the mainstem of Chesapeake Bay.
ChesMMAP, currently funded by Wallop-Breaux funds from the Virginia Marine Resources Commission, was established in 2002 as part of the growing international recognition that a single-species approach to fisheries management does not fully account for the complex interactions within marine ecosystems.
Latour, head of the Multispecies Research Group at VIMS, says “The traditional approach to fisheries management looks at a single species as if it were independent, unaffected by other processes and having no effect on other species. In ChesMMAP and our other multispecies research programs we analyze the interactions between species and their environment, including studies of predator-prey dynamics, seasonal changes in distribution, and water-quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, and DO [dissolved oxygen].”
Salinity
Indeed, the team’s research shows that salinity is the most important factor affecting the distribution of Bay fishes, whether they live near the bottom or towards the surface.
“Salinity was the major environmental gradient structuring community composition, biodiversity, and catch rates in our 10-year dataset,” says Buchheister. “The saltier waters of the lower Bay and the fresher waters of the upper Bay generally have a more diverse and dynamic fish fauna than the middle Bay, whose brackish waters place physiological demands on many aquatic organisms.”
Future value
The value of the ChesMMAP dataset extends beyond the current study. “Our work provides a 10-year frame of reference that can be used to evaluate future large-scale changes in the composition, distribution, and abundance of the Bay’s demersal fish community,” says Latour. “Continued monitoring will be critical for detecting how the Bay ecosystem responds to continued stresses from fishing, development, and climate change. It’s an essential component to a successful management strategy for the marine resources of Chesapeake Bay and the coastal Atlantic.”

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I restrained myself from commenting on Elvia Thompson’s Facebook post showing the very big audience attending the meeting on Chrystal Springs Farm. I post it here because it won’t be read —

It is wonderful to see such interest; it is sad to know that this is at least FIVE YEARS TOO LATE — the battle was lost in most LEGAL aspects when Chrystal Spring Farms was annexed into Annapolis, as some environmental leaders warned at the time.

So much wasted effort. To understand what CAN be done to mitigate development impacts in a significant way, people should study the Anne Arundel County Growth Tiers, June 2013 at
http://www.aacounty.org/PlanZone/LongRange/GrowthTiers.cfm#.Ucub12TF1Pw

This is what happens when stormwater runoff is left untreated, and runs straight to the Bay (or nearest river going to the Bay!)

Posted by Captain Diana Muller, South RiverKeeper <www.southriverfederation.net> on Friday, June 21st, and reposted in the report below on the WaterKeeper Swim Guide.

The 21st century will require major institutional change to create great sustainability in the face of greater stressors from 9 to 10 billion earthlings. This new book by Amy Larkin , to be released June 25th, may be a guide to the key financial issues to help get costs and prices more in line. . .

From the Amazon blurb (note there’s a Kindle version if you want to save a tree and a few bucks) —

Environmental Debt: The Hidden Costs of a Changing Global Economy [Hardcover]

Amy Larkin (Author)

Book Description

Release date: June 25, 2013

An award-winning environmental activist and social entrepreneur exposes the link between our financial and environmental crises

For decades, politicians and business leaders alike told the American public that today’s challenge was growing the economy, and that environmental protection could be left to future generations. Now in the wake of billions of dollars in costs associated with coastal devastation from Hurricane Sandy, rampant wildfires across the West, and groundwater contamination from reckless drilling, it’s becoming increasingly clear that yesterday’s carefree attitude about the environment has morphed into a fiscal crisis of epic proportions.

Amy Larkin has been at the forefront of the fight for the environment for years, and in Environmental Debt she argues that the costs of global warming, extreme weather, pollution and other forms of “environmental debt” are wreaking havoc on the economy. Synthesizing complex ideas, she pulls back the curtain on some of the biggest cultural touchstones of the environmental debate, revealing how, for instance, despite coal’s relative fame as a “cheap” energy source, ordinary Americans pay $350 billion a year for coal’s damage in business related expenses, polluted watersheds, and in healthcare costs. And the problem stretches far beyond our borders: deforestation from twenty years ago in Thailand caused catastrophic flooding in 2011, and cost Toyota 3.4 percent of its annual production while causing tens of thousands of workers to lose jobs in three different countries.

To combat these trends, Larkin proposes a new framework for 21st century commerce, based on three principles: 1) Pollution can no longer be free; 2) All business decision making and accounting must incorporate the long view; and 3) Government must play a vital role in catalyzing clean technology and growth while preventing environmental destruction. As companies and nations struggle to strategize in the face of global financial debt, many businesses have begun to recognize the causal relationship between a degraded environment and a degraded bottom line. Profiling the multinational corporations that are transforming their operations with downright radical initiatives, Larkin presents smart policy choices that would actually unleash these business solutions to many global financial and environmental problems.

Provocative and hard-hitting, Environmental Debt sweeps aside the false choices of today’s environmental debate, and shows how to revitalize the economy through nature’s bounty.